Hydraulic action is when the force of fast-flowing water hits the bed and banks and forces water and air into cracks in the bedrock. The repeated changes in air pressure cause the river bed to weaken.

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Lateral erosion erodes the banks of the river. This is more common in the middle and lower courses of a river.

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Vertical erosion involves the wearing away and deepening of the river bed. This is mostly by hydraulic action. It is most common in the upper course of the river.

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Abrasion or corrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and solution or corrosion.

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It becomes more rounded and smaller.

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